beta-Boswellic acid acetate



Compound IDCDAMM01447
Common namebeta-Boswellic acid acetate
IUPAC name3-acetyloxy-4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4-carboxylic acid
Molecular formulaC32H50O4

Experimental data

Retention time12.16
Adduct[M+H]+
Actual mz499.384
Theoretical mz499.378
Error12.06
Ionizaton modePositive
Instrument typeLC-MS/MS-QTOF, spectrum predicted by MS-DIAL v4.9 integrated with MS-FINDER 3.60
Score6.2646

Identifiers and class information

Inchi keyYJBVHJIKNLBFDX-UHFFFAOYNA-N
SmilesO=C(OC1CCC2(C)C(CCC3(C)C2CC=C4C5C(C)C(C)CCC5(C)CCC43C)C1(C(=O)O)C)C
SuperclassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids

Pharmacokinetic properties

Number of descriptor values(#stars)4
Number of non-conjugated amine groups (#amine)0
Number of amidine and guanidine groups (#amidine)0
Number of carboxylic acid groups (#acid)1
Number of non-conjugated amide groups (#amide)0
Number of rotatable bonds (#rotor)2
Number of reactive functional groups (#rtvFG)1
Predicted central nervous system activity (CNS)-1
Molecular weight (mol_MW)498.745
Computed dipole moment(dipole)9.007
Total solvent accessible surface area (SASA)744.514
Hydrophobic component of SASA (FOSA)639.995
Hydrophilic component of SASA (FISA)104.408
Pie component of the SASA (PISA)0.112
Weakly polar component of the SASA (WPSA)0
Total solvent accesible volume (volume)1533.01
Number of hydrogen bond donors (donorHB)1
Number of hydrogen bond acceptors (accptHB)4
Free energy of solvation of dipole (dip^2/V)0.0529179
Index of cohesive interaction in solids (ACxDN^.5/SA)0.0053726
Globularity descriptor (glob)0.863618
Predicted polarizability in cubic angstroms (QPpolrz)53.914
Predicted hexadecane/gas partition coefficient (QPlogPC16)13.201
Predicted octanol/gas partition coefficient (QPlogPoct)22.266
Predicted water/gas partition coefficient (QPlogPw)7.185
Predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (QPlogPo/w)7.08
Predicted aqueous solubility (QPlogS)-8.041
Conformation-independent predicted aqueous solubility (CIQPlogS)-7.823
Predicted IC50 value for blockage of HERG K+ channels (QPlogHERG)-1.932
Predicted apparent Caco-2 cell permeability in nm/sec (QPPCaco)256.686
Predicted brain/blood partition coefficient (QPlogBB)-0.49
Predicted apparent MDCK cell permeability in nm/sec (QPPMDCK)144.684
Predicted skin permeability, log Kp (QPlogKp)-3.251
PM3 calculated ionization potential (IP(ev))9.441
PM3 calculated electron affinity (EA(eV))-0.95
Number of likely metabolic reactions (#metab)2
Prediction of binding to human serum albumin (QPlogKhsa)1.801
Predicted qualitative human oral absorption (HumanOralAbsorption)1
Predicted human oral absorption on 0 to 100% scale (PercentHumanOralAbsorption)100
Solvent-accessible surface area of fluorine atoms (SAFluorine)0
Solvent-accessible surface area of amide oxygen atoms (SAamideO)0
Van der Waals surface area (PSA)73.398
Number of nitrogen and oxygen atoms (#NandO)4
Number of violations of Lipinski’s rule of five (RuleOfFive)1
Number of violations of Jorgensen’s rule of three (RuleOfThree)1

Compound-target network

Cytoscape Graph

Protein targets associated with phytocompound

Uniprot ID Gene name Target name TTD_ID Prediction source
P22303ACHEAcetylcholinesteraseT30082SwissTargetPrediction
P35228NOS2Nitric oxide synthase, inducibleT02703SwissTargetPrediction
P00734F2ThrombinT94033SwissTargetPrediction
P17612PRKACAcAMP-dependent protein kinase alpha-catalytic subunitT12808SwissTargetPrediction
P21554CNR1Cannabinoid receptor 1 (by homology)T76685SwissTargetPrediction
Q01959SLC6A3Dopamine transporterT55959SwissTargetPrediction
P35354PTGS2Cyclooxygenase-2T66665SwissTargetPrediction
P10275ARAndrogen ReceptorT11211SwissTargetPrediction
O00519FAAHAnandamide amidohydrolaseT11754SwissTargetPrediction
P08235NR3C2Mineralocorticoid receptorT72168SwissTargetPrediction
P04150NR3C1Glucocorticoid receptorT40016SwissTargetPrediction
P06401PGRProgesterone receptorT22939SwissTargetPrediction
P08185SERPINA6Corticosteroid binding globulinT88452SwissTargetPrediction
P11511CYP19A1Cytochrome P450 19A1T13260SwissTargetPrediction
O14684PTGESProstaglandin E synthaseT02562SwissTargetPrediction and SEA
P29350PTPN6Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1CT98264SEA
P18031PTPN1Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1BT16347SwissTargetPrediction and SEA
P17706PTPN2T-cell protein-tyrosine phosphataseT49156SwissTargetPrediction and SEA
P08575PTPRCLeukocyte common antigenT43115SwissTargetPrediction
P30307CDC25CDual specificity phosphatase Cdc25CT40569SwissTargetPrediction
P28845HSD11B111-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1T65200SwissTargetPrediction
P06746POLBDNA polymerase beta (by homology)T06958SEA
P08253MMP2Matrix metalloproteinase 2T68251SwissTargetPrediction
Q13133NR1H3LXR-alphaT52297SwissTargetPrediction
P09917ALOX5Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenaseT00140SwissTargetPrediction
P13726F3Coagulation factor VII/tissue factorT72702SEA
Q07817BCL2L1Apoptosis regulator Bcl-XT56510SwissTargetPrediction
P23975SLC6A2Norepinephrine transporterT21945SwissTargetPrediction
P06276BCHEButyrylcholinesteraseT99799SwissTargetPrediction
P32245MC4RMelanocortin receptor 4T72458SwissTargetPrediction
P07858CTSBCathepsin (B and K)T61746SwissTargetPrediction
Q01726MC1RMelanocortin receptor 1T35842SwissTargetPrediction
Q9HAN5TRP1Cationic trypsinogenT27602SwissTargetPrediction
P48147PREPProlyl endopeptidaseT86161SwissTargetPrediction and SEA
Q9Y5Y4PTGDR2G protein-coupled receptor 44T61722SwissTargetPrediction
P49356FNTBFarnesyl protein transferaseT13127SwissTargetPrediction
P80365HSD11B211-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2T43721SwissTargetPrediction
P04035HMGCRHMG-CoA reductaseT53585SwissTargetPrediction
P05093CYP17A1Cytochrome P450 17A1T89041SwissTargetPrediction
O15111CHUKInhibitor of NF-kappa-B kinase (IKK)T78429SwissTargetPrediction
P30556AGTR1Type-1 angiotensin II receptorT74456SwissTargetPrediction
P34972CNR2Cannabinoid receptor 2T37693SwissTargetPrediction
Q05655PRKCDProtein kinase C deltaT44861SwissTargetPrediction
P24557TBXAS1Thromboxane-A synthaseT78356SwissTargetPrediction
P32239CCKBRCholecystokinin B receptor (by homology)T05849SwissTargetPrediction
P30989NTSR1Neurotensin receptor 1T02728SwissTargetPrediction
Q00987MDM2p53-binding protein Mdm-2T00176SwissTargetPrediction
P19793RXRARetinoid X receptor alpha (by homology)T13726SwissTargetPrediction
P02753RBP4Plasma retinol-binding proteinT55703SwissTargetPrediction
Q13976PRKG1cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 betaT78543SwissTargetPrediction
Q04759PRKCQProtein kinase C thetaT23995SwissTargetPrediction
P16885PLCG2Phospholipase C-gamma-2T93922SEA
Q9Y478PRKAB1AMP-activated protein kinase, beta-1 subunitT38875SwissTargetPrediction
P28702RXRBRetinoid X receptor betaT60077SwissTargetPrediction
P48443RXRGRetinoid X receptor gammaT46456SwissTargetPrediction
P33032MC5RMelanocortin receptor 5T95302SwissTargetPrediction
P41235HNF4AHepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alphaT15514SwissTargetPrediction
Q99814EPAS1Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1T21123SwissTargetPrediction and SEA

Target associated diseases

TTD_ID Disease_ID Disease name ICD_11 Uniprot ID Gene names
T30082DI0025Alzheimer disease[ICD-11: 8A20]P22303ACHE
T30082DI0166Glaucoma[ICD-11: 9C61]P22303ACHE
T30082DI0282Myasthenia gravis[ICD-11: 8C6Y]P22303ACHE
T30082DI0313Oesophageal/gastroduodenal disorder[ICD-11: DD90]P22303ACHE
T30082DI0332Pediculosis[ICD-11: 1G00]P22303ACHE
T30082DI0421Unspecific substance harmful effect[ICD-11: NE6Z]P22303ACHE
T02703DI0083Chronic kidney disease[ICD-11: GB61]P35228NOS2
T02703DI0320Osteoarthritis[ICD-11: FA00-FA05]P35228NOS2
T02703DI0375Sepsis[ICD-11: 1G40-1G41]P35228NOS2
T02703DI0391Solid tumour/cancer[ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]P35228NOS2
T94033DI0052Bleeding disorder[ICD-11: GA20-GA21]P00734F2
T94033DI0091Coagulation defect[ICD-11: 3B10]P00734F2
T94033DI0219Ischaemic/haemorrhagic stroke[ICD-11: 8B20]P00734F2
T94033DI0275Multiple sclerosis[ICD-11: 8A40]P00734F2
T94033DI0287Myocardial infarction[ICD-11: BA41-BA43]P00734F2
T94033DI0306Nutritional deficiency[ICD-11: 5B50-5B71]P00734F2
T94033DI0403Thrombocytopenia[ICD-11: 3B64]P00734F2
T94033DI0405Thrombosis[ICD-11: DB61-GB90]P00734F2
T12808DI0279Muscular atrophy[ICD-11: 8B61]P17612PRKACA
T76685DI0031Anorexia nervosa[ICD-11: 6B80]P21554CNR1
T76685DI0214Insomnia[ICD-11: 7A00-7A0Z]P21554CNR1
T76685DI0308Obesity[ICD-11: 5B80-5B81]P21554CNR1
T55959DI0040Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[ICD-11: 6A05]Q01959SLC6A3
T55959DI0051Bipolar disorder[ICD-11: 6A60]Q01959SLC6A3
T55959DI0101Corneal disease[ICD-11: 9A76-9A78]Q01959SLC6A3
T55959DI0290Narcolepsy[ICD-11: 7A20]Q01959SLC6A3
T55959DI0308Obesity[ICD-11: 5B80-5B81]Q01959SLC6A3
T55959DI0331Parkinsonism[ICD-11: 8A00]Q01959SLC6A3
T66665DI0087Chronic pain[ICD-11: MG30]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0145Female pelvic pain[ICD-11: GA34]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0188Hyper-lipoproteinaemia[ICD-11: 5C80]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0207Indeterminate colitis[ICD-11: DD72]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0227Knee osteoarthritis[ICD-11: FA01]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0320Osteoarthritis[ICD-11: FA00-FA05]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0324Pain[ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0366Rheumatoid arthritis[ICD-11: FA20]P35354PTGS2
T66665DI0416Tuberculosis[ICD-11: 1B10-1B12]P35354PTGS2
T11211DI0005Acne vulgaris[ICD-11: ED80]P10275AR
T11211DI0012Acute myeloid leukaemia[ICD-11: 2A60]P10275AR
T11211DI0021Alcoholic liver disease[ICD-11: DB94]P10275AR
T11211DI0062Breast cancer[ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Y]P10275AR
T11211DI0086Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[ICD-11: CA22]P10275AR
T11211DI0145Female pelvic pain[ICD-11: GA34]P10275AR
T11211DI0194Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia[ICD-11: 5C72]P10275AR
T11211DI0237Low bone mass disorder[ICD-11: FB83]P10275AR
T11211DI0247Mammary tumour[ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Z]P10275AR
T11211DI0346Prostate cancer[ICD-11: 2C82]P10275AR
T11211DI0401Testicular dysfunction[ICD-11: 5A81]P10275AR
T11754DI0101Corneal disease[ICD-11: 9A76-9A78]O00519FAAH
T72168DI0018Adrenocortical insufficiency[ICD-11: 5A74]P08235NR3C2
T72168DI0083Chronic kidney disease[ICD-11: GB61]P08235NR3C2
T72168DI0100Contraceptive management[ICD-11: QA21]P08235NR3C2
T72168DI0175Heart failure[ICD-11: BD10-BD1Z]P08235NR3C2
T72168DI0190Hypertension[ICD-11: BA00-BA04]P08235NR3C2
T72168DI0194Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia[ICD-11: 5C72]P08235NR3C2
T40016DI0016Adaptive immunity immunodeficiency[ICD-11: 4A01]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0022Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder[ICD-11: 4A80-4A8Z]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0037Asthma[ICD-11: CA23]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0086Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[ICD-11: CA22]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0108Cushing syndrome[ICD-11: 5A70]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0280Muscular dystrophy[ICD-11: 8C70]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0314Oesophagitis[ICD-11: DA24]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0339Postoperative inflammation[ICD-11: 1A00-CA43]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0366Rheumatoid arthritis[ICD-11: FA20]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0391Solid tumour/cancer[ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]P04150NR3C1
T40016DI0432Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis[ICD-11: CA08]P04150NR3C1
T22939DI0062Breast cancer[ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Y]P06401PGR
T22939DI0100Contraceptive management[ICD-11: QA21]P06401PGR
T22939DI0255Menstrual cycle bleeding disorder[ICD-11: GA20]P06401PGR
T22939DI0344Preterm labour/delivery[ICD-11: JB00]P06401PGR
T22939DI0391Solid tumour/cancer[ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]P06401PGR
T88452DI0037Asthma[ICD-11: CA23]P08185SERPINA6
T88452DI0339Postoperative inflammation[ICD-11: 1A00-CA43]P08185SERPINA6
T88452DI0362Respiratory system disease[ICD-11: CB40-CB7Z]P08185SERPINA6
T13260DI0062Breast cancer[ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Y]P11511CYP19A1
T13260DI0108Cushing syndrome[ICD-11: 5A70]P11511CYP19A1
T02562DI0025Alzheimer disease[ICD-11: 8A20]O14684PTGES
T16347DI0009Acute diabete complication[ICD-11: 5A2Y]P18031PTPN1
T16347DI0062Breast cancer[ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Y]P18031PTPN1
T16347DI0308Obesity[ICD-11: 5B80-5B81]P18031PTPN1
T16347DI0417Type 2 diabetes mellitus[ICD-11: 5A11]P18031PTPN1
T49156DI0391Solid tumour/cancer[ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]P17706PTPN2
T43115DI0012Acute myeloid leukaemia[ICD-11: 2A60]P08575PTPRC
T43115DI0414Transplanted organ/tissue[ICD-11: QB63]P08575PTPRC
T65200DI0210Influenza[ICD-11: 1E30-1E32]P28845HSD11B1
T65200DI0239Lupus erythematosus[ICD-11: 4A40]P28845HSD11B1
T65200DI0417Type 2 diabetes mellitus[ICD-11: 5A11]P28845HSD11B1
T06958DI0391Solid tumour/cancer[ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]P06746POLB
T68251DI0238Lung cancer[ICD-11: 2C25]P08253MMP2
T52297DI0117Depression[ICD-11: 6A70-6A7Z]Q13133NR1H3
T00140DI0037Asthma[ICD-11: CA23]P09917ALOX5
T00140DI0147Filariasis[ICD-11: 1F66]P09917ALOX5
T00140DI0403Thrombocytopenia[ICD-11: 3B64]P09917ALOX5
T72702DI0075Cervical cancer[ICD-11: 2C77]P13726F3
T56510DI0286Myeloproliferative neoplasm[ICD-11: 2A20]Q07817BCL2L1
T21945DI0013Acute pain[ICD-11: MG31]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0040Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[ICD-11: 6A05]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0087Chronic pain[ICD-11: MG30]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0101Corneal disease[ICD-11: 9A76-9A78]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0117Depression[ICD-11: 6A70-6A7Z]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0166Glaucoma[ICD-11: 9C61]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0264Migraine[ICD-11: 8A80]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0301Nicotine use disorder[ICD-11: 6C4A]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0308Obesity[ICD-11: 5B80-5B81]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0324Pain[ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z]P23975SLC6A2
T21945DI0395Stomach cancer[ICD-11: 2B72]P23975SLC6A2
T99799DI0324Pain[ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z]P06276BCHE
T99799DI0411Tonus and reflex abnormality[ICD-11: MB47]P06276BCHE
T72458DI0192Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction[ICD-11: HA00]P32245MC4R
T72458DI0228Large intestine motility disorder[ICD-11: DB32]P32245MC4R
T72458DI0308Obesity[ICD-11: 5B80-5B81]P32245MC4R
T61746DI0023Alopecia[ICD-11: ED70]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0025Alzheimer disease[ICD-11: 8A20]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0037Asthma[ICD-11: CA23]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0055Bone cancer[ICD-11: 2B5Z]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0060Brain cancer[ICD-11: 2A00]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0067Cardiac arrest[ICD-11: MC82]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0074Cerebral ischaemic stroke[ICD-11: 8B11]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0086Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[ICD-11: CA22]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0087Chronic pain[ICD-11: MG30]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0110Cystic fibrosis[ICD-11: CA25]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0124Digestive system disease[ICD-11: DE2Z]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0178Hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis[ICD-11: DB93]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0199Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis[ICD-11: CB03]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0253Meningioma[ICD-11: 2A01]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0262Metastatic tumour[ICD-11: 2D50-2E2Z]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0275Multiple sclerosis[ICD-11: 8A40]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0296Neurodegenerative disorder[ICD-11: 8A20-8A23]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0320Osteoarthritis[ICD-11: FA00-FA05]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0351Psoriasis[ICD-11: EA90]P07858CTSB
T61746DI0366Rheumatoid arthritis[ICD-11: FA20]P07858CTSB
T35842DI0192Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction[ICD-11: HA00]Q01726MC1R
T35842DI0205Inborn porphyrin/heme metabolism error[ICD-11: 5C58]Q01726MC1R
T27602DI0250Mature B-cell lymphoma[ICD-11: 2A85]Q9HAN5TRP1
T27602DI0274Multiple myeloma[ICD-11: 2A83]Q9HAN5TRP1
T86161DI0092Coeliac disease[ICD-11: DA95]P48147PREP
T86161DI0210Influenza[ICD-11: 1E30-1E32]P48147PREP
T86161DI0238Lung cancer[ICD-11: 2C25]P48147PREP
T86161DI0265Mild neurocognitive disorder[ICD-11: 6D71]P48147PREP
T61722DI0102Coronary atherosclerosis[ICD-11: BA52]Q9Y5Y4PTGDR2
T13127DI0342Premature ageing appearance[ICD-11: LD2B]P49356FNTB
T43721DI0417Type 2 diabetes mellitus[ICD-11: 5A11]P80365HSD11B2
T53585DI0070Cardiovascular disease[ICD-11: BA00-BE2Z]P04035HMGCR
T53585DI0102Coronary atherosclerosis[ICD-11: BA52]P04035HMGCR
T53585DI0128Dyslipidemia[ICD-11: 5C80-5C81]P04035HMGCR
T53585DI0188Hyper-lipoproteinaemia[ICD-11: 5C80]P04035HMGCR
T53585DI0275Multiple sclerosis[ICD-11: 8A40]P04035HMGCR
T53585DI0287Myocardial infarction[ICD-11: BA41-BA43]P04035HMGCR
T53585DI0324Pain[ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z]P04035HMGCR
T89041DI0346Prostate cancer[ICD-11: 2C82]P05093CYP17A1
T78429DI0250Mature B-cell lymphoma[ICD-11: 2A85]O15111CHUK
T74456DI0137Essential hypertension[ICD-11: BA00]P30556AGTR1
T74456DI0190Hypertension[ICD-11: BA00-BA04]P30556AGTR1
T74456DI0373Secondary hypertension[ICD-11: BA04]P30556AGTR1
T74456DI0425Urinary system clinical symptom[ICD-11: MF8Y]P30556AGTR1
T37693DI0040Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[ICD-11: 6A05]P34972CNR2
T37693DI0214Insomnia[ICD-11: 7A00-7A0Z]P34972CNR2
T44861DI0287Myocardial infarction[ICD-11: BA41-BA43]Q05655PRKCD
T78356DI0030Angina pectoris[ICD-11: BA40]P24557TBXAS1
T05849DI0122Diagnostic imaging[ICD-11: N.A.]P32239CCKBR
T05849DI0327Pancreatic internal secretion disorder[ICD-11: 5A4Y]P32239CCKBR
T02728DI0207Indeterminate colitis[ICD-11: DD72]P30989NTSR1
T00176DI0012Acute myeloid leukaemia[ICD-11: 2A60]Q00987MDM2
T00176DI0391Solid tumour/cancer[ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]Q00987MDM2
T13726DI0225Kaposi sarcoma[ICD-11: 2B57]P19793RXRA
T13726DI0283Mycosis fungoides[ICD-11: 2B01]P19793RXRA
T55703DI0212Inherited retinal dystrophy[ICD-11: 9B70]P02753RBP4
T23995DI0413Transplant rejection[ICD-11: NE84]Q04759PRKCQ
T38875DI0009Acute diabete complication[ICD-11: 5A2Y]Q9Y478PRKAB1
T60077DI0225Kaposi sarcoma[ICD-11: 2B57]P28702RXRB
T46456DI0225Kaposi sarcoma[ICD-11: 2B57]P48443RXRG
T46456DI0232Light sensitivity impairment[ICD-11: 9D45]P48443RXRG
T95302DI0005Acne vulgaris[ICD-11: ED80]P33032MC5R
T95302DI0371Sebaceous gland disorder[ICD-11: ED91]P33032MC5R
T21123DI0019Adrenomedullary hyperfunction[ICD-11: 5A75]Q99814EPAS1

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